Characteristics of interface standards:
Before a company can develop a new product to interact with PCs and peripherals, the company is recommended to conform to the general standard interface protocols. The organizations that are involved in creating the interfacing standards are:
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Universal Serial Bus (USB):
Universal Serial Bus(USB): is a digital interface that uses a standardized connector for all serial and parallel type devices. The USB has a couple of advantages; avoids the introduction of noise, is considered to be "hot pluggable," which means that it can be simply plugged into a device and the device will recognize and establish the interface, provides the electrical power that is required to operate a peripheral, and daisy-changing is possible. The disadvantage of USBs is the slow speed of transferring data between devices.
There are four types of USB cables: type A, type B, mini, and micro USB cables. Type A and B both contain four pins, while the mini and micro contain five pins. The fifth pin is considered to be the "signal pin." There are two terms related to the four types of USB cables: bus and polling. Bus is a "high-speed connection to which multiple devices can attach." Polling is a "process in which a computer will ask a peripheral if it has any data to transmit to the computer." A USB can be a "polled bus," which will initiate all data transfers. There are four types of data transfers the USB can support; control transfers, bulk data transfers, interrupt data transfers, and isochronous data transfers.
Other interface standards:
There are other interface standards such as FireWire, Thunderbolt, Lighting, SCSI and iSCSI, InfiniBand and Fibre Channel. FireWire was introduced by Apple in the mid-1990s and was standardized by the IEEE. Just like the simple USB, FireWire avoids noise introduction when transferring data between devices. FireWire is also "hot pluggable" like the USB as well. Thunderbolt is another interface standard that was created by Apple. This interfacing connection provides 10-Gbps connection between peripheral devices. The connector uses and existing protocol called "PCI Express." The connection supports "daisy-chaining" and will soon support 100-Gbps data rates soon. Lightning is also another connector that was created by the Apple company. According to the book, even though the connector has its advantages, some question why Apple created the connector because it has a small amount of advantages over other USB connections. SCSI and iSCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a "technique for interfacing a computer to high-speed devices such as hard disk drives, tape drives, CDs, and DVDs. The SCSI connection was designed to support devices of a more permanent nature. This connection is considered to be a "systems interface." To use this interfacing connection, the user needs to install an adapter onto his or her computer. A different variation of the SCSI connection is the iSCSI. This connection will interface a disk storage to a computer via internet. InfiniBand and Fibre Channel are both modern protocols uses to interface a computer to input/output devices over a high-speed connection. The InfiniBand is a serial connection or bus that can carry multiple channels of data at the same time. Fibre Channel is similar to the InfiniBand, but it can only support up to 126 devices.
Data Link Connections:
There are three different types of data link connection: asynchronous, synchronous, and the isochronous connections. Asynchronous connection has a single character, or byte of data, as the unit of transfer between the sender and the receiver. This connection consists of the start bit, stop bit, and the parity bit. The synchronous connection has a sequence of units of transfer between the sender and the receiver. This connection consists of the flag byte, control byte, address, checksum, and an end sequence flag. Isochronous connection is a special kind of data link. This link supports various types of real-time applications.
There are four types of USB cables: type A, type B, mini, and micro USB cables. Type A and B both contain four pins, while the mini and micro contain five pins. The fifth pin is considered to be the "signal pin." There are two terms related to the four types of USB cables: bus and polling. Bus is a "high-speed connection to which multiple devices can attach." Polling is a "process in which a computer will ask a peripheral if it has any data to transmit to the computer." A USB can be a "polled bus," which will initiate all data transfers. There are four types of data transfers the USB can support; control transfers, bulk data transfers, interrupt data transfers, and isochronous data transfers.
Other interface standards:
There are other interface standards such as FireWire, Thunderbolt, Lighting, SCSI and iSCSI, InfiniBand and Fibre Channel. FireWire was introduced by Apple in the mid-1990s and was standardized by the IEEE. Just like the simple USB, FireWire avoids noise introduction when transferring data between devices. FireWire is also "hot pluggable" like the USB as well. Thunderbolt is another interface standard that was created by Apple. This interfacing connection provides 10-Gbps connection between peripheral devices. The connector uses and existing protocol called "PCI Express." The connection supports "daisy-chaining" and will soon support 100-Gbps data rates soon. Lightning is also another connector that was created by the Apple company. According to the book, even though the connector has its advantages, some question why Apple created the connector because it has a small amount of advantages over other USB connections. SCSI and iSCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a "technique for interfacing a computer to high-speed devices such as hard disk drives, tape drives, CDs, and DVDs. The SCSI connection was designed to support devices of a more permanent nature. This connection is considered to be a "systems interface." To use this interfacing connection, the user needs to install an adapter onto his or her computer. A different variation of the SCSI connection is the iSCSI. This connection will interface a disk storage to a computer via internet. InfiniBand and Fibre Channel are both modern protocols uses to interface a computer to input/output devices over a high-speed connection. The InfiniBand is a serial connection or bus that can carry multiple channels of data at the same time. Fibre Channel is similar to the InfiniBand, but it can only support up to 126 devices.
Data Link Connections:
There are three different types of data link connection: asynchronous, synchronous, and the isochronous connections. Asynchronous connection has a single character, or byte of data, as the unit of transfer between the sender and the receiver. This connection consists of the start bit, stop bit, and the parity bit. The synchronous connection has a sequence of units of transfer between the sender and the receiver. This connection consists of the flag byte, control byte, address, checksum, and an end sequence flag. Isochronous connection is a special kind of data link. This link supports various types of real-time applications.
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